R5 tracking: A distribution, with systemd

The L4 distribution images boot to multi user mode with systemd.

Items

R5 systemd as PID 1: cgroup v2 controllers, namespaces and pidfds #536 systemd as PID 1: cgroup v2 with all controllers, all namespaces and pidfds. Exit: systemd boots and starts its default units.
R5 eBPF: the interpreter, maps and cgroup programs #537 The eBPF interpreter, maps and cgroup programs. Exit: systemd IP accounting and the device controller work.
R5 netlink: rules, nexthops, generic netlink and ethtool for networkd, resolved and udevd #538 The netlink families for networkd, resolved and udevd. Exit: networkd configures the network and udevd names the devices.
R5 uevents, the keyring, fanotify and inotify #539 uevents, the keyring, fanotify and inotify. Exit: Their LTP tests reach the pass set of the reference.
R5 AppArmor and SELinux: the LSM framework, permissive and then enforcing #540 AppArmor and SELinux, first in permissive mode and then in enforcing mode. Exit: Ubuntu boots with AppArmor enforcing. Fedora boots with SELinux enforcing.
R5 TPM: the CRB and TIS drivers, /dev/tpm0 and /dev/tpmrm0 #541 The TPM driver. Exit: systemd-cryptenroll binds a key to the virtual TPM.
R5 nftables: the hooks, nf_tables, conntrack and NAT #542 nftables. Exit: The nftables test suite reaches the pass set of the reference.
R5 the remaining /sys and /proc files that the images read #543 The remaining /sys and /proc files that the corpus reads. Exit: The L4 trace of each image shows no missing file.
Bench on KVM: will-it-scale for CortenMM and the huge page flush #533 Bench on KVM: will-it-scale for CortenMM and the huge page flush. Exit: The numbers for both backends on x86_64 and arm64 are in tools/bench, and open question 1 (Open question 1: CortenMM or VMAs as the source of truth for address spaces #22) is decided.

Exit criterion

The L4 images boot to multi user mode and pass their smoke tests on both tier 1 architectures: Debian 13, Ubuntu 26.04 and 26.10, Fedora 44, Arch, Alpine 3.22 and NixOS 26.05. The systemd TEST-* integration tests reach the pass set of the reference, apart from the listed exceptions.

If we stop here

We have a kernel that distributions can use in place of Linux in virtual machines.

Refer to spec/22-milestones.md.

Added #533: the bench on KVM for CortenMM and the huge page flush, moved from #405 and #435 in R4. It also decides open question 1 (#22).

#699 adds the crate rk-crypto with SHA-1, SHA-2, HMAC, AES and the modes ECB, CBC, CTR and XTS, as crypto/ of Linux, for #541 (the AF_ALG item). The 13 unit tests with the vectors of crypto/testmgr.h pass. AF_ALG comes in the next two PRs.

Release 0.5.22 is out: https://github.com/tamnd/rukernel/releases/tag/v0.5.22 (#700). It has #696 to #699: the event log of the TPM firmware (#696), the nf_tables flowtables (#697), the AppArmor enforce mode for the file and exec rules (#698), and the crate rk-crypto with SHA, HMAC and AES (#699).

#701 finishes the first part of the verifier. For each program of bpf/test_verifier of the program types of this issue (SOCKET_FILTER, CGROUP_SKB, CGROUP_SOCK, CGROUP_SOCK_ADDR and CGROUP_DEVICE), rukernel now accepts or refuses the program as Linux does, with the same message. It adds state pruning, the Linux rules for back edges with CAP_BPF, the bounds after BPF_JSET and BPF_JMP32, the alignment and context access rules, and BPF_PROG_TEST_RUN. tools/kselftest/bpf.md gives the result.

Test results:

cargo test -p rk-bpf -p rk-abi (server2): 80 and 7 passed. Clippy gives no new warnings. Load of server2: 14.6 to 18.5.
x86_64 kselftest with bpf/test_verifier (server1, load 2.6 to 3.3): Summary: 281 PASSED, 510 SKIPPED, 0 FAILED. Before, 259 passed and 22 failed. The skips are the unprivileged runs, the program types outside this issue, the bpf_loop inline that needs a JIT, and BPF_MAP_TYPE_PERF_EVENT_ARRAY.
x86_64 ltp (server1, load 0.18 to 0.44): bpf_map01, bpf_prog01, bpf_prog02, bpf_prog03 and bpf_prog04 pass. bpf_prog05, bpf_prog06 and bpf_prog07 give TCONF, as on Linux with kernel.unprivileged_bpf_disabled=2.
x86_64 boot-test init with -- only bpf (server1, load 0.03 to 0.11): exit 33, 94 checks ok.
arm64 boot-test aarch64 with RK_AARCH64_TESTS=init and -- only bpf (server2, load 5.4 to 5.7): pass, 94 checks ok.

#702 (#542, nft-26) adds the stateful expressions of sets and elements of nf_tables (counter, quota, limit and connlimit).

Result on x86_64: sets 78 of 93 pass (61 in the report), transactions 37 of 41 (34 in the report). json, maps, nft-f, optimizations and transactions: 105 of 129, 96 before. The inet boot tests pass on x86_64 and arm64.

No item is ticked. The sets and maps groups of the report have more work.

#703 adds the AF_ALG sockets with the type hash, as crypto/af_alg.c and crypto/algif_hash.c, for #541 (the AF_ALG item). LTP af_alg01 passes on x86_64 and arm64. af_alg02 to af_alg06 and af_alg08 give TCONF, as on Linux with the allow list. af_alg07 fails: fchownat on a closed socket does not give ENOENT yet. skcipher comes in the next PR.

Release 0.5.23 is out: https://github.com/tamnd/rukernel/releases/tag/v0.5.23 (#704). It has #701 to #703: the first part of the eBPF verifier, with the result of Linux for test_verifier (#701), the stateful expressions of nf_tables sets and elements and connlimit (#702), and AF_ALG sockets with the type hash (#703).

#705 adds the sdbpf boot test. It runs test-bpf-devices, test-bpf-firewall and test-bpf-foreign-programs of systemd, which use BPF_PROG_ATTACH, BPF_PROG_DETACH, BPF_PROG_QUERY and BPF_LINK_CREATE with the effective arrays. The kernel needed no change.

x86_64 sdbpf on server1: the three tests exit 0, rk-sdbpf: pass, QEMU exit 1. Load average 2.1 to 3.4.
x86_64 init -- only bpf on server1: exit 33, 94 ok. Load average 0.03 to 0.11.
arm64 init -- only bpf on server2: pass, 94 ok. Load average 5.4 to 5.7. xtask has no systemd tests on arm64.

Remaining: systemd logs "Failed to get cgroup ID ... Operation not supported", probably from name_to_handle_at on cgroupfs. systemd ignores it.

#706 adds FAN_REPORT_MNT: a fanotify group marks a mount namespace with FAN_MARK_MNTNS and gets FAN_MNT_ATTACH and FAN_MNT_DETACH with a FAN_EVENT_INFO_TYPE_MNT record. The focused init boot test passes on x86_64 and arm64. LTP fanotify21 passes, and fanotify20 gives TCONF as on Linux 7.3. This completes the fanotify item of #539.

#707 (#542, nft-27) makes the sets of nf_tables with ranges work as nft_set_rbtree.c and nft_set_pipapo.c of Linux: get of a range, overlaps, concatenated ranges, adjacent ranges and the dump order of nft_pipapo_walk.

Result on x86_64: sets 81 of 93 pass (78 before, 61 in the report) and maps 25 of 31, with nft-28 in the same kernel. The inet boot tests pass on x86_64 and arm64.

Release 0.5.24 is out: https://github.com/tamnd/rukernel/releases/tag/v0.5.24 (#708). It has #705 to #707: #705, #706 and #707.

#709 adds the AF_ALG sockets with the type skcipher, as crypto/algif_skcipher.c, for #541 (the AF_ALG item). The ciphers are ecb(aes), cbc(aes), ctr(aes) and xts(aes). LTP af_alg01 passes on x86_64 and arm64, and af_alg02 to af_alg06 and af_alg08 give TCONF, as on Linux 7.3 with the allow list. af_alg07 needs the owner of the inode of a socket, which comes in the next PR.

#710 adds the path rules of AppArmor (#540 item 4). The VFS calls the path hooks of Linux, and an open with O_TRUNC truncates only after the LSM check. The path regression tests and readdir pass, as on Linux 6.8. The item stays open: the other rule classes and the ubuntu boot test come in the next PRs.

#711 (#542, nft-28) adds the expressions numgen and hash of nf_tables and more keys of meta, as nft_numgen.c, nft_hash.c and nft_meta.c of Linux.

Result: maps/nat_addr_port, optimizations/merge_stmts_concat_vmap and transactions/0046set_0 now pass on x86_64 and arm64. The inet boot tests pass on x86_64 and arm64.

#712 (#542, nft-29) adds the expression payload that writes the packet, with the checksums of IP, TCP, UDP and SCTP, and the expression queue, as nft_payload.c and nft_queue.c of Linux.

Result: nft-f/0012different_defines_0, nft-f/0024priority_0 and maps/0007named_ifname_dtype_0 now pass on x86_64 and arm64. On x86_64, maps 27 of 31, nft-f 29 of 34 and sets 82 of 93 pass. The inet boot tests pass on x86_64 and arm64.

Release 0.5.25 is out: https://github.com/tamnd/rukernel/releases/tag/v0.5.25 (#713). It has #709 to #712: #709, #710, #711 and #712.

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R5 tracking: A distribution, with systemd #14

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tamnd commented on Nov 1, 2026

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