refactor(core): unify parameter handling and compiler helpers

[jianjian01]

Centralize shared parameter and compiler logic, improve invalid-parameter error handling, and fix cascading parameter renames in QASM3 export.

• Resolve parameters through Circuit APIs across compilation and QASM export, and reject invalid parameters during rewrite equivalence checks.
• Add ParameterValue::scaled to preserve symbolic and fixed representations, with overflow checks in Hamiltonian evolution.
• Share one-qubit matrix reconstruction, classical control body traversal, lowerable operations, global-phase extraction, and instruction reconstruction.
• Apply simultaneous substitution to QASM3 gate parameters and global phase so overlapping or swapped names retain their meaning.
• Add regression coverage for invalid parameters, symbolic scaling, matrix reconstruction, control-flow traversal, and QASM round trips.