diff --git a/src/main/java/com/mapconductor/googlemaps/circle/GoogleMapCircleOverlayRenderer.kt b/src/main/java/com/mapconductor/googlemaps/circle/GoogleMapCircleOverlayRenderer.kt
index aef70b5..33f116f 100644
--- a/src/main/java/com/mapconductor/googlemaps/circle/GoogleMapCircleOverlayRenderer.kt
+++ b/src/main/java/com/mapconductor/googlemaps/circle/GoogleMapCircleOverlayRenderer.kt
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ import com.mapconductor.core.calculateZIndex
 import com.mapconductor.core.circle.AbstractCircleOverlayRenderer
 import com.mapconductor.core.circle.CircleEntityInterface
 import com.mapconductor.core.circle.CircleState
+import com.mapconductor.core.controller.OverlayKind
+import com.mapconductor.core.controller.OverlayStacking
 import com.mapconductor.core.features.GeoPoint
 import com.mapconductor.core.geometry.circleToRing
 import com.mapconductor.core.geometry.closeRing
@@ -37,7 +39,7 @@ class GoogleMapCircleOverlayRenderer(
                     .fillColor(state.fillColor.toArgb())
                     .clickable(false)
                     .geodesic(state.geodesic)
-                    .zIndex((state.zIndex ?: calculateZIndex(state.center)).toFloat())
+                    .zIndex(OverlayStacking.flatZIndex(OverlayKind.Circle, state.zIndex ?: calculateZIndex(state.center)))
             holder.map.addPolygon(options).also {
                 it.tag = state.id
             }
@@ -82,7 +84,11 @@ class GoogleMapCircleOverlayRenderer(
                 circle.fillColor = current.state.fillColor.toArgb()
             }
             if (finger.zIndex != prevFinger.zIndex) {
-                circle.zIndex = (current.state.zIndex ?: calculateZIndex(current.state.center)).toFloat()
+                circle.zIndex =
+                    OverlayStacking.flatZIndex(
+                        OverlayKind.Circle,
+                        current.state.zIndex ?: calculateZIndex(current.state.center),
+                    )
             }
             circle
         }
diff --git a/src/main/java/com/mapconductor/googlemaps/groundimage/GoogleMapGroundImageOverlayRenderer.kt b/src/main/java/com/mapconductor/googlemaps/groundimage/GoogleMapGroundImageOverlayRenderer.kt
index 67c71cf..3c262d8 100644
--- a/src/main/java/com/mapconductor/googlemaps/groundimage/GoogleMapGroundImageOverlayRenderer.kt
+++ b/src/main/java/com/mapconductor/googlemaps/groundimage/GoogleMapGroundImageOverlayRenderer.kt
@@ -3,6 +3,8 @@ package com.mapconductor.googlemaps.groundimage
 import androidx.core.graphics.drawable.toBitmap
 import com.google.android.gms.maps.model.BitmapDescriptorFactory
 import com.google.android.gms.maps.model.GroundOverlayOptions
+import com.mapconductor.core.controller.OverlayKind
+import com.mapconductor.core.controller.OverlayStacking
 import com.mapconductor.core.groundimage.AbstractGroundImageOverlayRenderer
 import com.mapconductor.core.groundimage.GroundImageEntityInterface
 import com.mapconductor.core.groundimage.GroundImageState
@@ -28,6 +30,8 @@ class GoogleMapGroundImageOverlayRenderer(
                     .image(image)
                     .positionFromBounds(bounds)
                     .transparency(1.0f - opacity)
+                    // GroundImage の帯（タイルの上、ポリゴンの下）。Google は種類をまたいで zIndex で重ねる。
+                    .zIndex(OverlayStacking.flatZIndex(OverlayKind.GroundImage, 0))
             holder.map.addGroundOverlay(options)?.also {
                 it.tag = state.id
             }
diff --git a/src/main/java/com/mapconductor/googlemaps/polygon/GoogleMapPolygonOverlayRenderer.kt b/src/main/java/com/mapconductor/googlemaps/polygon/GoogleMapPolygonOverlayRenderer.kt
index c7bedf5..92cee63 100644
--- a/src/main/java/com/mapconductor/googlemaps/polygon/GoogleMapPolygonOverlayRenderer.kt
+++ b/src/main/java/com/mapconductor/googlemaps/polygon/GoogleMapPolygonOverlayRenderer.kt
@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@ import androidx.compose.ui.graphics.toArgb
 import com.google.android.gms.maps.model.LatLng
 import com.google.android.gms.maps.model.PolygonOptions
 import com.mapconductor.core.ResourceProvider
+import com.mapconductor.core.controller.OverlayKind
+import com.mapconductor.core.controller.OverlayStacking
 import com.mapconductor.core.features.GeoPoint
 import com.mapconductor.core.features.GeoPointInterface
 import com.mapconductor.core.geometry.densifyPolygonRing
@@ -91,7 +93,7 @@ internal class GoogleMapPolygonOverlayRenderer(
                     .strokeColor(resolved.strokeColor.toArgb())
                     .strokeWidth(ResourceProvider.dpToPx(resolved.strokeWidth).toFloat())
                     .fillColor(resolved.fillColor.toArgb())
-                    .zIndex(resolved.zIndex.toFloat())
+                    .zIndex(OverlayStacking.flatZIndex(OverlayKind.Polygon, resolved.zIndex))
                     .clickable(false)
             holder.map.addPolygon(options).also {
                 it.tag = state.id
@@ -126,7 +128,7 @@ internal class GoogleMapPolygonOverlayRenderer(
                 polygon.fillColor = current.state.fillColor.toArgb()
             }
             if (finger.zIndex != prevFinger.zIndex) {
-                polygon.zIndex = current.state.zIndex.toFloat()
+                polygon.zIndex = OverlayStacking.flatZIndex(OverlayKind.Polygon, current.state.zIndex)
             }
             polygon
         }
diff --git a/src/main/java/com/mapconductor/googlemaps/polyline/GoogleMapPolylineOverlayRenderer.kt b/src/main/java/com/mapconductor/googlemaps/polyline/GoogleMapPolylineOverlayRenderer.kt
index 38c220f..43ad344 100644
--- a/src/main/java/com/mapconductor/googlemaps/polyline/GoogleMapPolylineOverlayRenderer.kt
+++ b/src/main/java/com/mapconductor/googlemaps/polyline/GoogleMapPolylineOverlayRenderer.kt
@@ -5,6 +5,8 @@ import com.google.android.gms.maps.model.LatLng
 import com.google.android.gms.maps.model.Polyline
 import com.google.android.gms.maps.model.PolylineOptions
 import com.mapconductor.core.ResourceProvider
+import com.mapconductor.core.controller.OverlayKind
+import com.mapconductor.core.controller.OverlayStacking
 import com.mapconductor.core.features.GeoPoint
 import com.mapconductor.core.features.GeoPointInterface
 import com.mapconductor.core.polyline.AbstractPolylineOverlayRenderer
@@ -57,7 +59,7 @@ class GoogleMapPolylineOverlayRenderer(
                     .color(state.strokeColor.toArgb())
                     .width(ResourceProvider.dpToPx(state.strokeWidth).toFloat())
                     .geodesic(state.geodesic)
-                    .zIndex(state.zIndex.toFloat())
+                    .zIndex(OverlayStacking.flatZIndex(OverlayKind.Polyline, state.zIndex))
                     .clickable(false)
 
             holder.map.addPolyline(options).also {
@@ -95,7 +97,7 @@ class GoogleMapPolylineOverlayRenderer(
             }
 
             if (finger.zIndex != prevFinger.zIndex) {
-                polyline.zIndex = current.state.zIndex.toFloat()
+                polyline.zIndex = OverlayStacking.flatZIndex(OverlayKind.Polyline, current.state.zIndex)
             }
 
             polyline
diff --git a/src/main/java/com/mapconductor/googlemaps/raster/GoogleMapRasterLayerOverlayRenderer.kt b/src/main/java/com/mapconductor/googlemaps/raster/GoogleMapRasterLayerOverlayRenderer.kt
index c561856..75c7c4b 100644
--- a/src/main/java/com/mapconductor/googlemaps/raster/GoogleMapRasterLayerOverlayRenderer.kt
+++ b/src/main/java/com/mapconductor/googlemaps/raster/GoogleMapRasterLayerOverlayRenderer.kt
@@ -5,6 +5,8 @@ import com.google.android.gms.maps.model.TileOverlay
 import com.google.android.gms.maps.model.TileOverlayOptions
 import com.google.android.gms.maps.model.TileProvider
 import com.google.android.gms.maps.model.TileProvider.NO_TILE
+import com.mapconductor.core.controller.OverlayKind
+import com.mapconductor.core.controller.OverlayStacking
 import com.mapconductor.core.raster.RasterLayerEntityInterface
 import com.mapconductor.core.raster.RasterLayerOverlayRendererInterface
 import com.mapconductor.core.raster.RasterLayerSource
@@ -92,12 +94,14 @@ class GoogleMapRasterLayerOverlayRenderer(
 
     private fun isMarkerTileRaster(state: RasterLayerState): Boolean = state.id.startsWith(MARKER_TILE_RASTER_ID_PREFIX)
 
+    // Google は TileOverlay・GroundOverlay・Polygon・Circle・Polyline を 1 本の zIndex で重ねる
+    // （Marker は常にその上）。帯の順（OverlayStacking）に沿って値を割り当てる。
     private fun resolveOverlayZIndex(state: RasterLayerState): Float =
         if (isMarkerTileRaster(state)) {
-            // Backward-compatible behavior: marker tiles stay above most overlays.
-            999f
+            // マーカーのタイルはマーカーの帯（ポリラインより上）。
+            OverlayStacking.flatZIndex(OverlayKind.Marker, Int.MIN_VALUE)
         } else {
-            state.zIndex.toFloat()
+            OverlayStacking.flatZIndex(OverlayKind.RasterLayer, state.zIndex)
         }
 
     override suspend fun onAdd(data: List<RasterLayerOverlayRendererInterface.AddParamsInterface>): List<TileOverlay?> =