diff --git a/site/cds_rdm/inspire_harvester/transform/mappers/identifiers.py b/site/cds_rdm/inspire_harvester/transform/mappers/identifiers.py
index ed80a2e4..5f7cd999 100644
--- a/site/cds_rdm/inspire_harvester/transform/mappers/identifiers.py
+++ b/site/cds_rdm/inspire_harvester/transform/mappers/identifiers.py
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 
 from flask import current_app
 from idutils.normalizers import normalize_isbn, normalize_urn
-from idutils.validators import is_doi, is_urn
+from idutils.validators import is_doi, is_url, is_urn
 
 from cds_rdm import schemes
 from cds_rdm.inspire_harvester.transform.mappers.mapper import MapperBase
@@ -342,6 +342,23 @@ def map_value(self, src_record, ctx, logger):
                     }
                 )
 
+            # External links from INSPIRE (e.g. university repository pages).
+            for url_entry in src_metadata.get("urls", []):
+                value = url_entry.get("value") if isinstance(url_entry, dict) else None
+                if not value:
+                    continue
+                if not is_url(value):
+                    ctx.errors.append(f"Invalid URL. | details: value={value}")
+                    continue
+                identifiers.append(
+                    {
+                        "scheme": "url",
+                        "identifier": value,
+                        "relation_type": {"id": "references"},
+                        "resource_type": {"id": ctx.resource_type.value},
+                    }
+                )
+
             has_cds_doi = any(
                 d.get("value", "").startswith(current_app.config["DATACITE_PREFIX"])
                 for d in src_metadata.get("dois", [])
diff --git a/site/tests/conftest.py b/site/tests/conftest.py
index f8ac8506..a0f6def8 100644
--- a/site/tests/conftest.py
+++ b/site/tests/conftest.py
@@ -1573,6 +1573,16 @@ def relation_type_v(app, relation_type):
         },
     )
 
+    vocab = vocabulary_service.create(
+        system_identity,
+        {
+            "id": "references",
+            "props": {"datacite": "References"},
+            "title": {"en": "References"},
+            "type": "relationtypes",
+        },
+    )
+
     vocab = vocabulary_service.create(
         system_identity,
         {
diff --git a/site/tests/inspire_harvester/test_harvester_job.py b/site/tests/inspire_harvester/test_harvester_job.py
index ee6ecb72..ab1c21cc 100644
--- a/site/tests/inspire_harvester/test_harvester_job.py
+++ b/site/tests/inspire_harvester/test_harvester_job.py
@@ -79,6 +79,23 @@
         "publication_date": "2024",
         "languages": [{"id": "eng", "title": {"en": "English", "da": "Engelsk"}}],
         "related_identifiers": [
+            {
+                "identifier": "https://wigner.hu/~vertesi/publ/24-PhD-Thesis-VargaZ.pdf",
+                "relation_type": {
+                    "id": "references",
+                    "title": {
+                        "en": "References",
+                    },
+                },
+                "resource_type": {
+                    "id": "publication-dissertation",
+                    "title": {
+                        "de": "Abschlussarbeit",
+                        "en": "Thesis",
+                    },
+                },
+                "scheme": "url",
+            },
             {
                 "identifier": "2840463",
                 "relation_type": {
@@ -213,6 +230,40 @@
                 },
                 "scheme": "cdsrn",
             },
+            {
+                "identifier": "https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01155127/",
+                "relation_type": {
+                    "id": "references",
+                    "title": {
+                        "en": "References",
+                    },
+                },
+                "resource_type": {
+                    "id": "publication-dissertation",
+                    "title": {
+                        "de": "Abschlussarbeit",
+                        "en": "Thesis",
+                    },
+                },
+                "scheme": "url",
+            },
+            {
+                "identifier": "https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01155127",
+                "relation_type": {
+                    "id": "references",
+                    "title": {
+                        "en": "References",
+                    },
+                },
+                "resource_type": {
+                    "id": "publication-dissertation",
+                    "title": {
+                        "de": "Abschlussarbeit",
+                        "en": "Thesis",
+                    },
+                },
+                "scheme": "url",
+            },
             {
                 "identifier": "1452604",
                 "relation_type": {
@@ -289,6 +340,43 @@
         "publication_date": "2024-05",
         "languages": [{"id": "spa", "title": {"en": "Spanish"}}],
         "related_identifiers": [
+            {
+                "identifier": (
+                    "https://www.ifisica.uaslp.mx/~jurgen/"
+                    "AkbarEmmanuelDiazRodarte-Lic.pdf"
+                ),
+                "relation_type": {
+                    "id": "references",
+                    "title": {
+                        "en": "References",
+                    },
+                },
+                "resource_type": {
+                    "id": "publication-dissertation",
+                    "title": {
+                        "de": "Abschlussarbeit",
+                        "en": "Thesis",
+                    },
+                },
+                "scheme": "url",
+            },
+            {
+                "identifier": "https://www.ifisica.uaslp.mx/~jurgen/Theses.html",
+                "relation_type": {
+                    "id": "references",
+                    "title": {
+                        "en": "References",
+                    },
+                },
+                "resource_type": {
+                    "id": "publication-dissertation",
+                    "title": {
+                        "de": "Abschlussarbeit",
+                        "en": "Thesis",
+                    },
+                },
+                "scheme": "url",
+            },
             {
                 "identifier": "2802969",
                 "relation_type": {
diff --git a/site/tests/inspire_harvester/test_transformer.py b/site/tests/inspire_harvester/test_transformer.py
index 5211b877..0165f89a 100644
--- a/site/tests/inspire_harvester/test_transformer.py
+++ b/site/tests/inspire_harvester/test_transformer.py
@@ -138,6 +138,75 @@ def test_transform_related_identifiers_skips_invalid_urn(running_app):
     assert f"Invalid URN. | details: value={raw}" in ctx.errors
 
 
+def test_transform_related_identifiers_maps_inspire_urls(running_app):
+    """INSPIRE metadata.urls become related identifiers with scheme url."""
+    src_record = {
+        "metadata": {
+            "urls": [
+                {
+                    "value": (
+                        "https://tesidottorato.depositolegale.it/"
+                        "handle/20.500.14242/121964"
+                    )
+                },
+                {"value": "https://iris.unife.it/handle/11392/2549512"},
+                {"value": "not-a-url"},
+                {"value": ""},
+                {},
+            ],
+        },
+        "created": "2023-01-01",
+    }
+    ctx = MetadataSerializationContext(
+        resource_type=ResourceType.THESIS, inspire_id="2808071"
+    )
+    logger = Logger(inspire_id="2808071")
+
+    result = RelatedIdentifiersMapper().map_value(src_record, ctx, logger)
+
+    assert {
+        "scheme": "url",
+        "identifier": (
+            "https://tesidottorato.depositolegale.it/handle/20.500.14242/121964"
+        ),
+        "relation_type": {"id": "references"},
+        "resource_type": {"id": "publication-dissertation"},
+    } in result
+    assert {
+        "scheme": "url",
+        "identifier": "https://iris.unife.it/handle/11392/2549512",
+        "relation_type": {"id": "references"},
+        "resource_type": {"id": "publication-dissertation"},
+    } in result
+    assert not any(item.get("identifier") == "not-a-url" for item in result)
+    assert "Invalid URL. | details: value=not-a-url" in ctx.errors
+
+
+def test_transform_related_identifiers_dedupes_urls(running_app):
+    """Duplicate INSPIRE urls are mapped once."""
+    url = "https://example.org/thesis"
+    src_record = {
+        "metadata": {"urls": [{"value": url}, {"value": url}]},
+        "created": "2023-01-01",
+    }
+    ctx = MetadataSerializationContext(
+        resource_type=ResourceType.OTHER, inspire_id="1"
+    )
+    logger = Logger(inspire_id="1")
+
+    result = RelatedIdentifiersMapper().map_value(src_record, ctx, logger)
+
+    url_items = [item for item in result if item.get("scheme") == "url"]
+    assert url_items == [
+        {
+            "scheme": "url",
+            "identifier": url,
+            "relation_type": {"id": "references"},
+            "resource_type": {"id": "publication-other"},
+        }
+    ]
+
+
 def test_transform_identifiers(running_app):
     """Test IdentifiersMapper."""
     src_metadata = {